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I am by no means an LDAP authentication expert, but I believe that synchronizing is beyond the scope of Xoops. On our intranet, we use special facilities to set our LDAP passwords. These facilities sync our password across many systems. My XOOPS site, however, isn't one of these systems.
My point to you is that using the XOOPS screens to change your password only changes your local XOOPS password. If you disabled Standard LDAP authentication and went back to XOOPS authentication, then your user's password would probably be the new one that they entered. Since your LDAP directory probably existed before you ever set up your XOOPS site (at least I hope it did -- there's no reason to go through these LDAP hoops if your setting up your LDAP server just for Xoops! Just use XOOPS authentication!), you probably already have some defined process for changing your LDAP password. In this case, just tell your users to use that existing process. Once they do this, they'll immediately be able to use their new password from XOOPS using LDAP authentication.
--hope this helps...