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From template to what?
Lost in vocabulary

I have something that likely would be called a very basic template. It's a graphical design with html headings and a basic (external) CSS structure.

The problem is that I don't even know what to look for as the next step.

Example: I like to have a 10 line text article teaser with the tag "read more" below it.

Naturally I like to publish it in 1 place and have it to appear both in the shortened version (~10 rows) on front page with the "read more" link... and also as a article page for the whole article.

Where do I learn howto do this?
# xhtml?
# CSS?
# XOOPS code /tags?
# News module (or Articles?) tags or preferences?

Thanks!
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Sounds to me like you should install either the News module or another "article" type module. Many folks use the News module for both

For example, if you go to enter a new article in the News module the form has two sections:

1. The Scoop
2. Extended Text

Enter your brief rext in "The Scoop" text box and the substantive text in the "Extended Text" text box.

You could then use a block from the News module (e.g. "Recent News") on your homepage. This will display "The Scoop" text with a "Read more..." link and links to recent news items below it. Clicking on the "Read more..." link will allow you to see that whole article as one.

I have this on my site's homepage under "Latest News" here:
http://www.llanmon.org.uk/

Also on my homepage is SmartSection's "In the Spotlight!" block (renamed in modules admin to Recently Updated Information) which is doing something similar.

Both blocks have settings that can be altered in blocks admin.

Hope this what you are looking for.

News, articles, blog or e-mag?

Yes, that "recent news" is something like iT. This type of modules are not easy to get a grip on.

Recently I saw this which use a layout wich resembles one of my scetches.
http://etc.se/

...although Vesey's site opens articles in new page wich is more of my liking.

Comments on layout in the link versus modules appreciated.

The News module's "Recent News" block allows the websmaster/site admin to switch between "Classical" display (as on my site) and "Tabbed" mode - this places "tabs" at the top of the block, one tab per news category. This is very close to what you describe. You can even set the "tabs" colour by editing the settings within modules admin.

What are you waiting for? Go for it