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welcome to xoopsing..
As yet a comprehensive module list is not compliled, but the docs time is working on that. If you have a look at the XOOPS Newsletters that might help for an overview
https://xoops.org/modules/news/index.php?storytopic=17
I am working on a XOOPS overview at my test site, early stages but may give you a feel for Xoops
For a list of modules (not what they do)
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=41586
Try experimenting with the modules that come with Xoops, the News module does what you see here on the XOOPS frontpage..:)
Article and content modules are many and varied, they don't come with the standard install, this allows webmasters to choose one which suits there own preferences.