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The question is, did you deleted the right one?
Make sure that the content of /xoops_lib is in that one that you have, and that mainfile.php points correctly to it.
Clear your cache folders in xoops_data, and try again.
I think that what the issue is, i.e. something missing with your Trust Path and Protector.
If your modules worked before and the PHP version is the same, then XOOPS should work.
If you want, send me a PM with your login/passwords, and I can take a look into it.