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First off, welcome to the world of XOOPS.
I am sorry to hear that you have experienced problems during the installation of XOOPS. I am no expert in setting up a webserver, but I'll try to comment on your difficulties.
Re. File permissions and ownership, XOOPS requires write access by the webserver to the cache, templates_c and uploads folders and during the installation also to the mainfile.php - we have tried to make that apparent during the installation screens with the green/red lights etc.
The XOOPS account for MySQL needs to be able to create and drop tables - and if you do not set up a database prior to installation, it will need to be privileged to create that, too - preferably the MySQL user should also be allowed to create and drop temporary tables, but not many modules use that.
Re. PHP modules, again I'm afraid I know very little - I just usually run XAMPP and it works... But you are right, it should be listed somewhere, what you need from the webserver in order to setup XOOPS.
Now, on to the good stuff. You have your website and you want content on it. The first thing is to figure out what kind of content you will have. XOOPS is somewhat more than "just" content management, so it is not centered around creating a web page and filling that with information. Instead, you upload "modules" to the webserver and install them through the XOOPS administration menu. Each module brings a number of pages that contains different things, such as articles, forums, blog entries, calendar items etc. Many modules for XOOPS are aimed at giving the visitors interaction possibilities - such as posting in the forum, submitting articles to the News section or adding entries in the calendar.
For more background information, I suggest you look/search in our
XOOPS FAQ