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Try this, go into your XOOPS database through phpmyadmin and click on your quote's table, then where it says texto click change. Where it says length/values, change the 255 character length to whatever you think will cover the length of the longest quote you want to add.
This should work because when I looked at the index.php in the random quote module's admin folder, the only length for the character's you could change in that page was for the name of the author of the quote. So changing the length of the text you can enter for a quote should be able to be changed in the database.